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您的当前位置:鞭虫病 > 患病影响 > 人们所美化的过去

人们所美化的过去



Forallweliketoromanticizethepast,thetruthisthatmostofoursharedhistorywaslessawe-inspiringandmorevomit-inducing.

人们习惯于美化过去,但事实是人类的过去并不是那么令人惊叹的。相反,它常常会让人感到恶心。

1.PompeiiWasOneGiantGarbageDump

Beforeitgotburiedunderacloudofash,PompeiiwastheancientequivalentoftheFrenchRiviera.ItwasaplacewhererichRomanscametounwindaftersomehardempire-building.ButtherewasonecrucialdifferencebetweenancientPompeiiandamodernresorttown:Pompeiiwasabsolutelyoverflowingwithgarbage.

在被灰烬掩没之前,古时候的意大利城市庞培相当于现在的法国里维埃拉。庞培过去是一个吸引富有的罗马帝国建造者在经历艰辛的帝国建造时期后到此放松的疗养胜地。但古时候的庞培有一点和当代的旅游胜地大不相同,就是前者垃圾泛滥。

Insteadofhavingawastecollectionprogram,orevenrudimentarylandfills,thepeopleofPompeiijustdroppedtheirtrashwherevertheyfeltlikeit.Streets,alleys,andevencemeterieswerefilledwithbrokenpottery,buildingremains,uneatenfood,andhorsecarcasses.Getoffthestreetandthingswerenodifferent.Theresplentyofevidencethatlocalstreatedtheirhouseslikeonegianttrashcan,withthefossilizedremainsofrottingfoodfoundlitteringfloorsandpiledupalongsidedrinkingwater.AccordingtoAllisonEmmersonoftheUniversityofCincinnati,trashwasregardedasjustafactoflifeinPompeii.Eventhetombsofancestorswereconsideredanacceptableplacetodisposeofwaste.Thatundoubtedlymadethecitystinktohighheaveninthesummermonths.

在庞培,人们把垃圾随意倒置在他们想倒置的地方,而不是建立垃圾填埋场来处理它,更别说完善的废物收集系统了。这使得大街小巷甚至是墓地上都堆满了陶瓷碎片、建筑残垣、剩饭剩菜还有马的尸体。即使离开街道回到家,垃圾也还是到处乱扔。许多证据表明,当地人把他们的家当作一个巨型垃圾桶,任由腐蚀掉的食物挥洒在地面上或者任由它们堆积在饮用水附近。据辛辛那提大学的艾里逊·埃默森表示,当时的庞培垃圾被看作是与人们生活非常密切的一部分。甚至连祖先的墓地也能被接受成为堆放垃圾的地方。这无疑使夏季的庞培臭气冲天。

2.TheVikingsWerePlaguedWithParasites

ItsnosurprisethatVikinglifewashard.WithVikingsspendingalotoftimeonshipssailingroughnorthernseasduringonecampaignofconquestoranother,noonewouldpicturetheirlivesasanythingotherthandifficult.Eventhemostcynicalpersonwouldlikelymissonekeydetail,though:Vikinggutswereutterlyinfestedwithparasites.

我们都知道维京人的生活十分艰苦。于是,为了生存,维京人将他们的大部分时间都花在船上,面对着波涛汹涌的大海,一次又一次地游走在征服的途中。除了艰苦,人们实在不知道用别的什么词来形容维京人的生活了。但即使是最具怀疑精神的人也很可能忽略了一个重要的细节,维京人的肠子里满是寄生虫。

Thankstoaculturewhichpromotedcloselivingwithlivestock,mostVikingswereexposedtoawholeloadofnastiesfromaveryearlyage.Bythetimetheyreachedadulthood,theirinsideswerecrawlingwiththesortofcreaturesH.P.Lovecrafthadnightmaresabout.ResearcherswhostudiedVikingpoophavefoundeggsindicatingchronicroundwormandliverflukeinfections.Worstofall,therewasevidenceofwhipworm.FoundinpilesofVikingfecesdatingbackto,whipwormwouldhavemadetheVikingslivesunbearable.Asidefromseverediarrheaandacrid-smellingfarts,thoseinfectedcouldveexpectedpainfulpassageofstool,growthretardation,andimpairedcognitivedevelopment.

因为对与牲畜密处的文化的倡导,大多数维京人很小就在脏兮兮的环境里长大。在他们成年后,维京人的肚子里已经爬满了让霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特做噩梦的生物。研究者在维京人的粪便中发现一些寄生虫卵,表明他们深受慢性蛔虫病和肝脏吸血虫病的困扰。更糟的是,还有证据表明鞭虫也是困扰他们的疾病之一。从可能追溯到年的维京人的排泄物中发现,鞭虫会使维京人的生活难以忍受。除了严重的腹泻和放刺激性气味的屁的症状,患有鞭虫病的人还会有大便吃力、生长迟缓以及认知发展受损等问题。

3.MedievalLondonStankToHighHeaven

LetssayyoudecidetoskiptheobviousplacesandtakeyourtimemachineonatriptomedievalLondon.Youdprobablybepreparedforthecitytobedirtierandsmellierthanitisnow.Butyoumightnotbepreparedforexactlyhowbigadifferenceitwouldbe.Tobeblunt,LondonintheMiddleAgesstanktohighheaven.Thestreetswerefilledtooverflowingwithexcrement,andpeopleroutinelydumpedrottingfoodandanimalentrailsoutintheopentofester.Insomeplaces,thisfoulmixturewassodeepthestreetswereeffectivelyimpassable.

如果你打算掠过那些显而易见的地方,那么请乘坐时间机器回到中世纪的伦敦吧。你或许能够做好心理准备,接受中世纪的伦敦比现在的伦敦差太多。但是!你绝对想不到那时候的伦敦会脏成那个样子。事实就是这样,中世纪的伦敦臭气弥漫。动物粪便满大街都是,人们习惯性地把腐烂的食物和动物内脏往街上倒,任由它们继续腐烂。甚至有的地方被这些垃圾堆得老高,以至于行人不能轻松通过。

Thingswerenobetterbytheriver.ButchersthrewrottingmeatintotheThames,andbloodwaslefttocongealonthebanksinthesun.Bythe14thcentury,thestenchwassogreatthekingwasforcedtobantheslaughteringofanimalsinsidethecity.Totopitalloff,tannerieswereworkingaroundtheclocktoboilleather,producingastenchthatsuffocatedtheentirecity.

即使是在河边,环境也并没有因为饮用水源的原因而好一点。屠夫习惯把腐烂掉的肉直接丢进泰晤士河,腐肉残留的血在阳光的作用下凝结在河岸上。在14世纪,伦敦的臭味迫使国王下令禁止城里的动物屠宰。最严重的是制革厂日夜不停地炼制皮革,煮沸皮革的臭味足以窒息一整个伦敦。

4.RenaissanceEuropeWasCrawingWithSyphilis

ThewordsRenaissanceFlorenceevokeimagesofabsurdlydressedmenwanderingaroundpristinecities,solvinggreatmysteries,andinventingthescientificmethod.Whattheydontevokeareimagesofsyphiliticbeggarswrithinginagonyinthestreets,theirfacesfallingapartbeforeonlookerseyes.Yet,thatsexactlywhatMichelangeloorDaVincicouldexpecttoseestrollingthroughtown.

文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨使人们联想到穿着荒唐的男士,他们游走在城市整洁的街道上,解决着一个又一个谜题,想出一个又一个解决问题的科学方法。却没让人想到佛罗伦萨街上痛苦地蜷缩抽搐着的患有梅毒的乞丐,他们在路人面前也完全无法顾及形象,任由扭曲的面孔损失自己的形象。但这确实是米开朗琪罗和达芬奇踱步于此时所看到的现象。

In,agroupofFrenchsoldiersreturningfromtheNewWorldhadbroughtwiththemanunexpectedtreat.Knowntodayassyphilis,thediseasewastheRenaissanceequivalentoftheAIDSpandemicbutevenscarier.Thesymptomswereterrifying.Weepingpustuleswouldexplodeacrosspeoplesfaces,hairwouldfalloutand—intheworstcases—thefleshwouldbeeatenawayrightdowntothebone.Andsincetherewerenohospitalsorcarehomestospeakof,thosethatcaughtthedreadedFrenchdiseasewerelefttosufferoutintheopen.Asaresult,Renaissancesocietywascaughtinastateofpermanentpanicaboutthegrotesqueeffectsoffornication.Contemporaryaccountsarefilledwithaparalyzingdreadatthethoughtofbe







































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